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LR.HLR.MusB.Cht.Lpyg Chthamalus spp. and Lichina pygmaea on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen Lichina pygmaea and the barnacles Chthamalus mo...


SS.SMu.ISaMu.Cap Capitella capitata in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments

Published date 2015-03

The polychaete Capitella capitata (agg.) a widely occurring opportunist species complex that is particularly associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenbe...


SS.SMu.OMu.CapThy Capitella capitata and Thyasira spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud

Published date 2015-03

In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the Capitella capitat...


IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.Ft Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include Metacallophyllis l...


IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypPar Sparse Laminaria hyperborea and dense Paracentrotus lividus on exposed infralittoral limestone

Published date 2015-03

This biotope is known from only one location, the Aran Islands, Co. Galway. Here, a limestone platform between 3 m and 6 m of depth is dominated by a dense population of the urchin Paracentrotus livid...


SS.SMu.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Seapens, including Funiculina quadrangularis, and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud

Published date 2015-03

Deep muds, especially in sea lochs, support forests of the nationally scarce Funiculina quadrangularis, in addition to populations of the seapens Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea. The sed...


IR.MIR.KR.LhypT.Ft Laminaria hyperborea forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders, with dense Laminaria hyperborea forest, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes suppor...


IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.GzFt Grazed Laminaria hyperborea forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed to moderately exposed Laminaria hyperborea forest is in some areas intensely grazed by the urchin Echinus esculentus. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generall...


LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The community has a relatively low ...


LR.LLR.F.Fserr.X Fucus serratus on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata

Published date 2015-03

Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack Fucus serratus. The crab Carcinus maenas and a large number of winkles such as Littorina ...



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