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SS.SSa.IFiSa.IMoSa Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna

Published date 2015-03

Medium to fine sandy sediment in shallow water, often formed into dunes, on exposed or tide-swept coasts often contains very little infauna due to the mobility of the substratum. Some opportunistic po...


LR.LLR.F.Fserr Fucus serratus on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with Fucus serratus (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see Fserr.FS). Two variants of this biotope have been descr...


SS.SMp.SSgr.Rup Ruppia maritima in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand

Published date 2015-03

In sheltered brackish muddy sand and mud, beds of Ruppia maritima and more rarely Ruppia spiralis may occur. These beds may be populated by fish such as Gasterosteus aculeatus which is less common on ...


LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX Semibalanus balanoides and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles

Published date 2015-03

Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and, on larger rocks, the limpet Patella ...


LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor.Bif Bifurcaria bifurcata in shallow eulittoral rockpools

Published date 2015-03

Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and encrusting coralline algae and Corallina officinalis. Ke...


LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor.Cys Cystoseira spp. in eulittoral rockpools

Published date 2015-03

Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga Cystoseira spp. (including Cystoseira tamariscifolia), coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis...


CR.HCR.FaT.CTub.CuSp Tubularia indivisa and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock

Published date 2015-03

This variant is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is commonly associated with areas where turbidity levels are high...


SS.SMu.OMu.ForThy Foraminiferans and Thyasira sp. in deep circalittoral fine mud

Published date 2015-03

In deep water and soft muds of Boreal and Arctic areas, a community dominated by foraminiferans and the bivalve Thyasira sp. (e.g. T. croulinensis and T. pygmaea) may occur (Thorson 1957; Künitzer et...


SS.SBR.SMus.MytSS Mytilus edulis beds on sublittoral sediment

Published date 2015-03

Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment, in fully marine coastal habitats or sometimes in variable salinity conditions in the outer regions of estuaries, are characterised by beds of the common mussel Myti...


SS.SSa.SSaLS Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity (lagoons)

Published date 2015-03

Shallow sand and muddy sand in areas of low or reduced, although relatively stable salinity (may vary annually), with largely ephemeral faunal communities. The species are often similar to that found ...



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